A complete Grade 4 science pack on air resistance and water resistance. Students learn that these forces push against moving objects and slow them down, test parachutes of different sizes, compare shapes moving through water, explain streamlining in animals and vehicles and plan a fair test. Includes slides, a lesson plan, worksheet, quiz, homework, flashcards, a rubric and answer keys.
When an object moves through air or water, the air or water pushes against it. These pushing forces are called air resistance and water resistance, and they act in the opposite direction to the movement, slowing the object down. A large surface area catches more air, which is why parachutes work. Streamlined shapes, which are smooth and pointed, cut through air and water more easily, which is why fish, dolphins, racing cyclists and airplanes have them. Students carry out a parachute investigation, change one variable at a time, measure fall times, compare shapes of modeling clay sinking in water and explain their results using force arrows.
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Support: give a results table and focus on comparing two parachute sizes. Challenge: students calculate the average of three times and explain anomalies.
Use the worksheet and quiz to check understanding of the forces. Use the rubric to assess the investigation and explanations.
Use a stopwatch and repeat each drop three times to get reliable results. Students should change only one thing, such as the canopy size, and keep the height, load and material the same. Drop parachutes from a safe height, such as standing on the floor with an arm raised, not from furniture.
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